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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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|IS-100-1 Digitaliseringens betydning for fremtidens samfunn |
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|Marilex Rea Llave |
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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+-----------------------------------------------+
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| IS-110 |
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| M.R.Llave |
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+-----------------------------------------------+
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Internet og forretningsdrift
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Nettbutikker
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=================================================
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| Navn | Sted | Favorittfarge |
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+---------------+---------------+---------------+
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| | | |
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+---------------+---------------+---------------+
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"For å hevde seg på en konkurransearena er det viktig med kunnskap"
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s. 16 i Læreboka
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"En datamaskin i seg selv er verdiløs for en bedrift. Den får kun verdi dersom den kan støtte og forbedre de prosessene som skaper verdi for bedriften"
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s. 16 i Læreboka
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Eksempel: Resturant
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Oppgradert kassesystem for å gi bedre informasjon om hva som blir kjøpt og hva som går når.
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Hvis det alltid går mer sandwich på onsdager, så er det naturlig å bestille mer så det er klart til onsdager.
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=================================================
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"Digital forretiningsforståelse er å forstå og kunne vurdere hvordan IKT sin rolle i å skape verdi, utvikle og utnytte potensialet og å innovere for en bedrift, samt legge til rette for at bedriften skal fungere ovenfor merkedet og i samfunnet"
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s. 19 i Læreboka
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=================================================
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Gevinster:
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Rasjonaliseringsgevinster
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Styringsgevinster
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Organisasjonsgevinster
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Markedsgevinster
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(Start) -> [Customer enters webshop] -> [Customer finds product] -> /Customer orders/ -> [Webshop gets order] -> /Webshop checks transaction/ -> [Transaction clear, webshop ships] -> (End)]
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| ^ |
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\/ | \/
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[Customer does not find product] /Customer fixes transaction/ [Transaction rejected]
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| ^ |
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\/ | \/
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/Customer leaves/ <-[Customer ignores error]- /Customer recieves error/- - - /Webshop notifies customer about the error/
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\/
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(End)
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+---------------------------------------+
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|Enterprise Information Systems |
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|From LEO I to ERP systems |
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|Paolo Spangnoletti |
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+---------------------------------------+
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Agenda:
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- Digital technologies
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- Enterprise Information Systems
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- Data sources and Information requirements
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========================================
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- Analogue Clock
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KISS (Keep It Simple, Stupid)
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- Digital Databank Clock
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Everything is stored on the device
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No external interfaces
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Physical key input
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Monochrome display
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- Digital Phone Watch
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Everything is digital
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Dataports
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Touch screen and physical keys
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Connectivity
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========================================
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Tamagochi
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- Simple interface
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- Monochrome display
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- Digital game
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- Single-use case
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- Input doesnt have to give predicted output
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- Algorithms
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- Interactive
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Times Sinclair ZX Spectrum
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- Reprogrammable tool
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- External input and output functionality
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- Responds to user-input out of a preset given list of rules
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======================================
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Enigma and Alan Turning
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- The first computer designed to break the German encryption used in the machine "Enigma"
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- Encryption can be used offensively and defensively
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Ransomware
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=====================================
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Information Systems and Organizations
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- Not static, but dynamic, as the business have to evolve to stay alive
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- As long as there are decisions to be made, the business will have to adapt
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Data, information and knowledge
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- Knowledge: the experience of using information to make judgements
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TEDIndia - Weird, or just different (2009) - video
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===================================
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Informal/social -> Where meanings are established, intentions understood, beliefs and commitments made
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Formal -> Processes, policies
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Technical -> IT Infrastructure that automates the formal system
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==================================
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OLAP = On-Line Analytical Programming
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+---------+
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/ /|
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/ / + Time
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+---------+ /|
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| o |/ +
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+---------+ / Data
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| o |/
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+---------+
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Customers
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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| IS-100 - Digitaliseringens betydning for fremtidens samfunn |
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| Marilex Rea Llave |
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+---------------------------------------------------------------+
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Digitalisering og de 4 industrielle revolusjonen
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=================================================================
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1. Mekanisering, vannkraft, dampkraft
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2. Masseproduksjon, samlebånd elektrisitet
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3. Digitalisering og automatiskering
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4. Kyberfysiske systemer
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=================================================================
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Digitalisering
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Å bruke digitale teknologier for å endre forretningsmodell og å
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finne nye måter å skape verdi og skaffe seg inntekter på, det er
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prosessen med å flytte til en digital forretning.
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- (Gartner, 2009)
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-----------------------------------------------------------------
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Begreper innen Digitalisering
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Big Data - Volume, value
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Cloud Computing - Skylagring, datakrønsjing
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Sensorer -
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Databaser - Lagring og sortering av data
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Business Inteligence - Data analyse for effektivisering
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3D printer -
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Cyborg -
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Roboter - Spesifisert arbeidsområde
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Android - Mer menneskelig
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Artificial Inteligence - Går gjennom store datamengder for å se mønstre
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-----------------------------------------------------------------
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Tre fokus områder
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Digialisering av:
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Produkter
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- Digitale elementer for å styrke eksisterende produkter
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Markedsaktiviteter
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- Forsterke rekkevide, informasjonsrikhet og tilknytning
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Forretningssystemer
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-
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| Digitaliseringens betydning for fremtidens samfunn |
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| M.R. Llave |
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+-------------------------------------------------------+
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Flowchart
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Start
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u=input("username")
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p=input("password")
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||
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\/
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[Trykk Login] <- <- [ECHO n\Wrong password or username, try again]
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|| /\
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\/ ||
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[IF u=("present") & p=("match")] -> FALSE -> IF try <3 -> FALSE [Access Denied]
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||
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\/
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TRUE
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||
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\/
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[ECHO n\Welcome!]
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=========================================================
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Data representeres som binære størrelser
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Bit (0 or 1)
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Byte (8-bit represententing a sign)
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Kilobyte (1000 byte)
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Megabyte (1000 kilobyte)
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Gigabyte (1000 megabyte)
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Terabyte (1000 gigabyte)
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Pentabyte (1000 terabyte)
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Exabyte (1000 pentabyte)
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Zettabyte (1000 exabyte)
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Jottabyte (1000 zettabyte)
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etc.
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=========================================================
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Binære tall
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+-----------------------+-----------------------+
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| Desimal representasjon| Binær representasjon |
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+-----------------------+-----------------------+
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| 0 | 0 |
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| 1 | 1 |
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| 2 | 10 |
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| 3 | 11 |
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| 4 | 100 |
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| 5 | 101 |
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| 6 | 110 |
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| 7 | 111 |
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| 8 | 1000 |
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| 9 | 1001 |
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| 10 | 1010 |
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| 11 | 1011 |
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+-----------------------+-----------------------+
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Hvordan lese binære tall
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+-------------------------------+
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| 11001010 |
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+-------------------------------+
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||
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\/
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+-------------------------------+
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| 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 |
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| 2⁷ 2⁶ 2⁵ 2⁴ 2³ 2² 2¹ 2⁰ |
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+-------------------------------+
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=========================================================
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ASCII Code
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+-------+---------------+---------------+
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| Tegn | ASCII Code | Binært |
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+-------+---------------+---------------+
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| a | 097 | 01100001 |
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| b | 098 | 01100010 |
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| c | 099 | 01100011 |
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| d | 100 | 01100100 |
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+-------+---------------+---------------+
|
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| 2019-09-16 |
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| M.R.Llave |
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+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
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|2¹¹ |2¹⁰ |2⁹ |2⁸ |2⁷ |2⁶ |2⁵ |2⁴ |2³ |2² |2¹ |2⁰ |
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+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
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|2048 |1024 |512 |256 |128 |64 |32 |16 |8 |4 |2 |1 |
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+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
|
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|0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |
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+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
|
||||
|0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |
|
||||
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
|
||||
|0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |
|
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+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
|
||||
|0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |
|
||||
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
|
||||
|0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |
|
||||
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
|
||||
|0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |
|
||||
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
|
||||
|0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |
|
||||
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
|
||||
|0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |
|
||||
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
|
||||
|0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |
|
||||
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
|
||||
|0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |
|
||||
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
|
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|0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |
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+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
|
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|0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |
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+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
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525 = 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
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=================================================================================================
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8 golden rules of user interfaces
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+--------------------------------------+
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Consitency
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Shortcuts
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Informational feedback
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Finish
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Easy troubleshooting
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Reverse actions
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Support user-control
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Avoid overloading the users shorttime memory
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==================================================================================================
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DBMS, DDL and DML
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DataBase Management Systems
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mySQL, MS Access, postgres, mariaDB, Oracle
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|
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Data Definition Language
|
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mySQL, xml schema
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Data Manipulation Language
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sql, pl/sql, sql_pl
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----------------------
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Database in normalform
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1 primary key per cell
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Can't be divided further
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Every attribute that is not keys, are generally independent of each other.
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Primary key - It is the first key which is used to identify one and only one instance of an entity uniquely
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Candidate key - Key that consists of two or more attributes that uniquely identify any record on a table
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Foreign key - a primary key that i s used to connect two tables
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First normal form
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* contains only atomic values
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* atomic value is a value that cannot be divided
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* It states that an attribute of a table cannot hold multiple values. It must hold only single-valued attributes.
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Second normal form
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* It is in first normal form
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* All non-key attributes are fully functional dependent on the primary key
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* Non-key attributes are the attributes or fuelds of a table, other than candidate key attributes/fields on a table.
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* Composite key - a key of two or more attributes that uniquely identifies the row. (customer id and store id)
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* Non-key attribute is purchase location
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Third normal form
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* it is in second normal form
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* there is no transitive functional dependency
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* a is functionally dependent on b, and b is functionally dependent on c. in this case, c is transitively dependent on a via b
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* now all non-key attributes are fully functional dependent only on the primary key. in [table_book], both [gendre id] and [price] are only dependent on [book id]. in table [table_genre], [genre type] is only dependent on [genre id]
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================================================================================
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Hva er "Big data"
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Frank Danielsen
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|
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================================================================================
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|
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Hva er?
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Hva kan det brukes til?
|
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Hvordan brukes det i dag?
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+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
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|
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Store og komplekse dataset, som ikke er lett for mennesker å gå gjennom.
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Four V's
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Volume - The scale of the datas
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Variety -
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Velocity -
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Veracity - Uncertainty if data
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| Sannheten om Kunstig Intelligens |
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| Dr. Morten Goodwin |
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+---------------------------------------+
|
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|
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AI Sofia er dum som et brød.
|
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Griefbots - "Snakke" med døde mennesker. Laste opp sms, mail og lignende for å samle personligheten. Artificial Waifu.
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Louise vs. Louise - Samtale med seg selv på dagsrevyen.
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Algoritmer, mye data og datakraft.
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|
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1950s, første forsøk på en kunstig menneskelig maskin. Sensorer = nevroner, ledninger = synapser. Frank Rosenblatt. Kunne "skille" mellom kvinner og menn.
|
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|
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Geoff Hinton, Turing prisen for arbeidet i 1986.
|
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|
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Konkurranser om å klassifisere bilder, Geoff Hinton's AI dominerte i dette med 5% feil gjennomsnittlig i forhold til 25% feil hos konkurrentene.
|
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|
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Rangering (fra svak til sterk):
|
||||
+---------------+
|
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| Kalkulator | > [Svak intelligens]
|
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| AlphaGo |
|
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+---------------+
|
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| Forfatteren |
|
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| Steven Hawkins| > [Sterk intellifens / generell intelligens]
|
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| Hal9000 |
|
||||
+---------------+
|
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| Skynet | > [Superintelligens]
|
||||
+---------------+
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
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TiMIT - Datasett for stemmegjenkjenning
|
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|
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Facebook annonser -> Confirmation bias
|
||||
|
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TayAI -> 4chan being 4chan
|
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King - Man + Woman = Queen
|
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|
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|
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Digitalisering: Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) - systemer |
|
||||
Dag H. Olsen |
|
||||
2019-10-14 |
|
||||
----------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||||
|
||||
ERP systemer er en av de viktigste grunnsteinene i moderne bedrifter i dag.
|
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|
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Prossesser i bedrifter og it-støtte
|
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Rutiner
|
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Endringer i arbeidsprosesser.
|
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|
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"Dere skal kunne angi sentrale prosesser i en produksjonsbedrift. Forklare formålet med ERP-systmer, fordeler og utfordringer.
|
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Få en oversikt over og kunne definere sentrale ERP-Begreper.
|
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Forklare ERP-systemets oppbygning og funksjonalitet.
|
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Kjenne til ERP-markedet og sentrale leverandører."
|
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|
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ERP - Enterprise Resorce Planning
|
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SCM - Supply Chain Management
|
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CRM - Customer Relationship Management
|
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Datavarehus, Business Intelligence, Big Data - Systemer som støtter beslutningsprosesser (operative, taktiske og strategiske)
|
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KMS - Knowledge Management Systems
|
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Virksomhetsarkiketktur (EA), SOA, Web Services, SaaS - Ulike muligheter for integrasjon av applikasjoner i en IS infrastruktur, samt sourcing strategier.
|
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|
||||
---
|
||||
|
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SAP: Markedsstrategi og posisjon
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25% markedsandel av ERP-markedet
|
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Brukt av mange Fortune500 selskaper: exxon, wal-mart, hp, equinor, dnb, telenor
|
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Økt satsing på SMB
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|
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Xledger: norsk utfordrer
|
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Norsk nettbasert ERP system
|
||||
Kunder i over 50 land
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
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|
|
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Data lakes |
|
||||
Espen Langbråten, Chief Data Officer Europris |
|
||||
------------------------------------------------+
|
||||
espen.langbraten@europris.no
|
||||
|
||||
Datavarehus
|
||||
BI
|
||||
Data Mart
|
||||
ETL
|
||||
Star Schema
|
||||
Normalisering/denormalisering
|
||||
SQL
|
||||
NoSQL
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
+-------------------------------+
|
||||
| Hemmeligheten bak data lakes |
|
||||
| |
|
||||
| Aldri om teknologi |
|
||||
| Alltid om arkitektur |
|
||||
+-------------------------------+
|
||||
|
||||
Data lake er IKKE et datavarehus
|
||||
|
||||
Gartner IT Glossary = zzz
|
||||
|
||||
Hovedgrunnen til data varehus = En kilde til sannheten.
|
||||
|
||||
Schema on write: Strengt dataformat for å legge til info
|
||||
Denormalized data: Denormalisert fra en normalisert datamodell
|
||||
Preaggregering: Man vil ofte preaggregere noe av data det er spurt ofte på
|
||||
Laget for rapportering: Alt for å få fancy rapporter å gi til management
|
||||
|
||||
---------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
Data Mart
|
||||
|
||||
Database med metadata som omhandler produktene.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
Ord laget av James Dixon (CTO, Pentho)
|
||||
|
||||
Motpost mot Data Mart.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
Konsulenthusene & rådgiverhusene slo seg på trenden
|
||||
|
||||
Big data
|
||||
|
||||
En eksplosjon av buzz words og feilaktie definishoner av big data, data lakes og digitalisering
|
||||
|
||||
Ekstremt tech fokus.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
Big data er de store mengdene med data som man kan lagre (før var lagring dyrt)
|
||||
|
||||
BIG DATA ER BARE DATA
|
||||
|
||||
IBM (2017): 90% av alle data som finnes, er laget de siste 2 år.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
V³ - Variety - Volume - Velocity
|
||||
V⁵ - Veracity - Value - Volume - Variety - Velocity
|
||||
|
||||
Volume er ikke viktig
|
||||
Variety er viktig
|
||||
Velocity er også viktig
|
||||
Value er øverste prioritet
|
||||
|
||||
ERP \ / Grafer og annet ledelsen
|
||||
Sys X -+----- Staging ----- Datavarehus -----+- Relex
|
||||
Sys Y / \ Nettside
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Datalakes er bare glorifiserte staging områder
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
JSON og lignende er dominerende når det kommer til API
|
||||
|
||||
Datalake er et system eller repo med rådata, gjerne rotete og vanskelig å strukturere.
|
||||
Alt. ERP, video, bilder, weblogger, etc.
|
||||
Yellow elephant - Hadoop er programmet som gjør det alt mulig å sortere disse data i nær sanntid
|
||||
|
||||
Hadoop er et filsystem, distribuert.
|
||||
Lagret instantly, og duplisert over clusteret.
|
||||
Skriv og les - lynraskt
|
||||
|
||||
Data lake blir fort data swamp
|
||||
Bruk gode rettningslinjer for å strukturere input
|
||||
Ikke ta en "kjekt å ha"
|
||||
Bruk robust arkitektur
|
||||
|
||||
ALLTID LETTERE Å LEGGE TIL ENN Å FJERNE
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
Europris: struktur
|
||||
|
||||
Butikk og Grossist
|
||||
|
||||
Kundeklubb:
|
||||
Customer info
|
||||
Loyalty
|
||||
Basket analysis
|
||||
|
||||
Det store bildet:
|
||||
Unike online og offline tilbud på handlingsmønster
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
|
|||
M.R.Llave |
|
||||
2019-10-28 |
|
||||
|
|
||||
--------------------------------+
|
||||
|
||||
Chapter 11
|
||||
ERP and systems architecture
|
||||
Lecture with Dag Olsen
|
||||
|
||||
-
|
||||
|
||||
CRM and SAM
|
||||
|
||||
Customer Relationship Management
|
||||
Basicaly rubbing your customers back so they can rub yours...
|
||||
|
||||
Three stages:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Get customers - Customers Acqusition
|
||||
Buy datasets (b.gdpr)
|
||||
|
||||
2. Increase the value of the customers
|
||||
Upsell or cross-sell
|
||||
Casual - Business - W H A L E
|
||||
|
||||
3. Customer retention
|
||||
How to keep customers
|
||||
Members club
|
||||
Personalized marketing
|
||||
|
||||
Components of a CRM system
|
||||
Marketing
|
||||
Coms
|
||||
Identifying potential customers
|
||||
Complete the marketing, buy leaving the customer with a salesman
|
||||
Sales
|
||||
To new customers
|
||||
To existing customers, focus on upselling and cross-selling
|
||||
"More value by buying a larger pack"
|
||||
|
||||
Customer stuff
|
||||
Service and customer service
|
||||
Phone-central
|
||||
|
||||
Customer contact and customer relations
|
||||
Key account manager
|
||||
|
||||
Personalized marketing
|
||||
Special offers based on your previous purchases
|
||||
|
||||
Different systems:
|
||||
B.I.
|
||||
Social media (usually pretty cringe)
|
||||
Chatbots (eww)
|
||||
Blogging
|
||||
|
||||
eCRM
|
||||
CRM - but online :jazz_hands:
|
||||
|
||||
Product configuration
|
||||
|
||||
To get and keep customers
|
||||
Churn analysis: why are you leaving (uwu)? Very B.I.
|
||||
|
||||
Case: Skandia:banken
|
||||
Retargeting
|
||||
Input data
|
||||
Output data
|
||||
Cancelled wizard
|
||||
Next Best Offer (N.B.O.)
|
||||
Customer dialogue
|
||||
Netbanking
|
||||
Customer portal
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
|
|||
Intranet og ekstranet
|
||||
Diskusjon om eksempler på slik bruk
|
||||
Hvordan benytte digitale muligheter i skoleverden
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Intranet
|
||||
* Et privat nettverk som kun er tilgjengelig for egne ansatte
|
||||
* 2-veis kommunikasjon
|
||||
* Tjenester / Arbeidsstøtte
|
||||
* Kultur
|
||||
|
||||
Pros
|
||||
- Mer samarbeid
|
||||
- Sosial plattform
|
||||
- Enklere beslutninger
|
||||
- Strømlinjeformet data management
|
||||
|
||||
Cons
|
||||
- Sikkerhets risiko
|
||||
- Potensielt tidkrevende og kostbart
|
||||
- Kan virke mot sin hensikt
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
Intranet + Ekstranet = Infinite, but different loops
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
|
|||
Datasikkerhet og grønn IT |
|
||||
|
|
||||
----------------------------------------+
|
||||
|
||||
Spyware, malware, ransomware & trojans etc.
|
||||
|
||||
- - -
|
||||
|
||||
Privacy and private information
|
||||
|
||||
- the right to privacy and the right to your own personal information.
|
||||
|
||||
Data Protection Regulation
|
||||
|
||||
- The regulations for what companies can do with your private information, covers all electronic communication and storing.
|
||||
|
||||
GDPR for EU and EEA, covers all citizens of the EU and EEA.
|
||||
|
||||
- - -
|
||||
|
||||
Datatilsynet
|
||||
|
||||
- The consumers guard dog when it comes to digital rights. Has authority to fine for violations.
|
||||
|
||||
- - -
|
||||
|
||||
7 Safety Measures in Datasecurity
|
||||
- Authentication: Identifying the user and what they are allowed to do
|
||||
- Authorisation: Give the right access to the right resources
|
||||
- Audit: Tracing activities on a network
|
||||
- Confidentiality: Keeping data unavailable to unauthorised users
|
||||
- Integrity: The importance of data being correct and that users can trust it
|
||||
- Availablility: Informations is only available to the authorised users.
|
||||
- Commitment: The importance of trust, as trades done online and so on.
|
||||
|
||||
- - -
|
||||
|
||||
Green IT
|
||||
- Effective and responsible use of IT resources.
|
||||
- Designing, reusing and reducing electronic waste
|
||||
|
||||
Chapter 1:
|
||||
- Digital forretningsforståelse
|
||||
- Forretning vs teknologi forståelse
|
||||
- Rasjonalisering, styring, organisasjons, markeds
|
||||
|
||||
Chapter 2
|
||||
- Hva er et informasjonssystem.
|
||||
- Side 23-24 (6 Elements)
|
||||
- Figure 2.1
|
||||
- Bedriftens blod: Data
|
||||
- Formål med IS?
|
||||
- Hvem bruker IS?
|
||||
- Forretningsprosesser
|
||||
|
||||
Chapter 3
|
||||
- Begreper innenfor digitalisering
|
||||
- 4th ind.rev. (and the 3 others)
|
||||
- Digitalisering
|
||||
|
||||
Chapter 4
|
||||
- What is a strategy?
|
||||
- Konkurranse strategi og konkurranse kreftene
|
||||
- Table 4.1 & 4.2, fig 4.2 (p. 52)
|
||||
- Normalisation (fuark)
|
||||
- A.I.
|
||||
- Porters 5 markedskrefter
|
||||
- Digital business strategy
|
||||
- Roles of a digital leader
|
||||
- Primary and supporting activities
|
||||
- PAGE 56
|
||||
|
||||
Chapter 5
|
||||
- Binary
|
||||
- Processing data
|
||||
- Innenheter & utenheter
|
||||
- The cloud
|
||||
- Digital representasjon av informasjon
|
||||
- Images (p. 92)
|
||||
- Operative System (OS)
|
||||
- Primary and secondary memory
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
|
|||
IS-100 - Summary |
|
||||
M.R. Llave |
|
||||
------------------------+
|
||||
|
||||
* Explain first second and third normalization
|
||||
* Entities and attributes
|
||||
* Binary - Calculators
|
||||
|
||||
* Rasjonaliseringsgevinster
|
||||
* Styringsgevinster
|
||||
* Organisasjonsgevinster
|
||||
|
||||
* Hva er et system? (s. 23) (Pentagram)
|
||||
* Hva er et informasjonssystem?
|
||||
* Hva er data: Data er tall, symbol og bokstaver.
|
||||
|
||||
1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
|
||||
128 64 0 0 8 4 2 0
|
||||
|
||||
185
|
||||
128 + 0 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 1
|
||||
|
||||
1011 1001
|
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Binary file not shown.
Binary file not shown.
Binary file not shown.
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@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
|
|||
+-----------------------------------------------+
|
||||
| IS-104 Digital Interaction Design |
|
||||
| Geir Inge Hausvik |
|
||||
+-----------------------------------------------+
|
||||
|
||||
Godt design kan bli livsviktig, derfor fokus på brukere.
|
||||
|
||||
To sider av samme sak. På en side teknologi, på den andre brukere.
|
||||
|
||||
Design: både den kreative prosessen & det ferdige produkt av prosessen
|
||||
|
||||
Digital interasksjon: systemer laget for å styres av mennesker
|
||||
|
||||
Interface: interaktivt system som folk kommer i kontakt med. Fysisk, oppfattelig og konseptuelt.
|
||||
|
||||
Input and feedback.
|
||||
|
||||
=================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
Det handler ikke om utseende, men hva folk vil gjøre med systemet.
|
||||
|
||||
=================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
Bruker opplevelser må være i fokus om du skal ha en god opplevelse av programmet.
|
||||
Hva vil folk, istedetfor hva kan teknologien gjøre
|
||||
Involvere brukere i design process
|
||||
Design for mangfoldet
|
||||
|
||||
Fokusere på mennesker i design ER dyrt, men fordelene overgår kostnadene.
|
||||
|
||||
Som grensesnitt designer må du kunne:
|
||||
Gjennomføre et kompromiss mellom kunde og teknologi
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
|
|||
| IS-104 Digital Interaction Design |
|
||||
| Geir Inge Hausvik |
|
||||
+---------------------------------------+
|
||||
|
||||
PACT and the process of interface design
|
||||
|
||||
=========================================
|
||||
|
||||
Envision Understanding
|
||||
\ /
|
||||
Evaluation
|
||||
|
|
||||
Design
|
||||
|
||||
=========================================
|
||||
|
||||
P - People
|
||||
A - Activities
|
||||
C - Contexts
|
||||
T - Technologies
|
||||
|
||||
Understand the ACTIVITIES of PEOPLE and the CONTEXTS within which they will use TECHNOLOGY.
|
||||
|
||||
Design and visualize TECHNOLOGICAL solutions that will fit with PEOPLE and their ACTIVITIES in the CONTEXTS where they occur.
|
||||
|
||||
=========================================
|
||||
|
||||
PEOPLE - Physical Characteristiscs
|
||||
- Anthropometrics
|
||||
- Senses
|
||||
- Abilities / disabilities
|
||||
|
||||
Phyical characteristiscs affects how accessible, how usable, and how enjoyable using technology will be.
|
||||
|
||||
- Psychological Characteristics
|
||||
- Memory
|
||||
- Orientation
|
||||
- Words and numbers
|
||||
- Attention and focus
|
||||
|
||||
- Mental Models
|
||||
A mental model is a mental structure that reflects the users understanding of a system and therefore is a source of expectancies about how a system will respond.
|
||||
|
||||
- Social Differences
|
||||
People have different backgrounds and make sense of signs and symbols in different ways.
|
||||
People make use of systems with different motivations and aims.
|
||||
|
||||
- Attitudinal Differences
|
||||
- Values
|
||||
- Aspirations
|
||||
- Ideological stances
|
||||
|
||||
========================================
|
||||
|
||||
ACTIVITIES
|
||||
|
||||
Designers should focus on:
|
||||
1. the overall PURPOSE of the activity
|
||||
2. then the MAIN FEATURES:
|
||||
- temporal aspects
|
||||
- cooperation
|
||||
- complexity
|
||||
- safety-criticality and error tolerance
|
||||
- the nature of the content
|
||||
|
||||
========================================
|
||||
|
||||
CONTEXTS
|
||||
|
||||
Thee useful types of contexts are distinguishable:
|
||||
- Physical
|
||||
- Social
|
||||
- Organizational
|
||||
|
||||
========================================
|
||||
|
||||
TECHNOLOGIES
|
||||
|
||||
Interactive technologies change rapidly. Designers need to be aware of technological possibilities for input and output.
|
||||
|
||||
INPUT technologies support people to enter data into a system reliably and efficiently.
|
||||
|
||||
Technologies for OUTPUT rely primarily on vision, hearing, and touch.
|
||||
|
||||
========================================
|
||||
|
||||
UNDERSTANDING
|
||||
|
||||
User research
|
||||
Aim: to understand the requirements
|
||||
Involves collecting and analyzing data
|
||||
Requirements are essentially about understanding
|
||||
|
||||
DESIGN
|
||||
|
||||
Conceptual design (the "WHAT")
|
||||
- An abstract view of a design solution
|
||||
|
||||
Physical design (the "HOW")
|
||||
- Operational design
|
||||
- Representative design
|
||||
- Interaction design
|
||||
|
||||
ENVISIONMENT
|
||||
|
||||
Designs need to be visualized
|
||||
- to help designers clarify their own ideas
|
||||
- to enable people to give feedback
|
||||
|
||||
Scetches, fully functioning prototypes, scenarios.
|
||||
|
||||
EVALUATION
|
||||
|
||||
We can evaluate the outcome of any of the other three activities: understanding, design and envisionment.
|
||||
|
||||
Many different techniques for evaluation
|
||||
- Analytical evaluations
|
||||
- Field studies
|
||||
- Testing with users
|
||||
|
||||
PERSONAS AND SCENARIOS
|
||||
|
||||
PEOPLE who will use the system are represented by PERSONAS (profiles of different archetypical users)
|
||||
|
||||
ACTIVITIES and the CONTEXTS are captured in SCENARIOS of use.
|
||||
|
||||
Thinking about people involves thinking of what they do. Thinking about scenarios involves thinking of who will undertake them . Personas and scenarios are interrelated.
|
||||
|
||||
PERSONAS
|
||||
|
||||
Imaginative descriptions of users based on the understanding developed (through interviews, questionnaires, observations)
|
||||
- Personas are fictitious – they are synthesized from knowledge of real people
|
||||
- Personas need to have goals. Personas want to be able to do things using your system
|
||||
- It is best to develop a few concrete personas who have specific characteristics, such as age, interests, a name, etc.
|
||||
- Try to bring the characters alive – perhaps include a picture
|
||||
|
||||
SCENARIOS
|
||||
- Stories about people undertaking activities in context using technologies
|
||||
- Scenarios (and their associated personas) are core constructs for interactive systems design
|
||||
- They are useful in understanding, envisioning, evaluation, and bothh conceptual and physical design.
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
|
|||
| Gjesteforelesning |
|
||||
| Egde Consulting |
|
||||
+---------------------------------------+
|
||||
|
||||
Stanford d.school
|
||||
|
||||
+---------------------------------------+
|
||||
|
||||
Crazy 8
|
||||
Brett ett ark i 4 og ett minutt per ide/rute
|
||||
|
||||
-----------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
designthinking.ideo.com
|
||||
dschool.stanford.edu
|
||||
interaction-design.org
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
|
|||
Design for user accessibility
|
||||
|
||||
- UX
|
||||
- Usability
|
||||
- Accessibility
|
||||
- Phyiscally
|
||||
- Conceptually
|
||||
- Economically
|
||||
- Culturally
|
||||
- Socially
|
||||
|
||||
Accessibility is about removing barriers that can exclude people from using the system.
|
||||
Two main approaches to designing for accessibility
|
||||
|
||||
Designing for all (universal desing) aims to accomodate
|
||||
|
||||
Principles of Universal Design
|
||||
Equitable use: The design is useful and marketable to people with diverse abilities
|
||||
Simple and Intuitive Use: Use of teh design is iseasy to understand, regardless of the user's experience, knowledge, language skills or education level.
|
||||
Flexibility in use: The design acommodates a wide range of individual preferebnces abilities
|
||||
Perceptible Information:
|
||||
- Acceptability
|
||||
|
||||
Accessibility Guidelines
|
||||
- UN and W3C
|
||||
- Guidelines to ensure equal accessibility
|
||||
|
||||
examples:
|
||||
- contrast (at least 4.5:1)
|
||||
- colour
|
||||
- images
|
||||
- video/audio
|
||||
|
||||
in norway, universial design of ict is a legal requirement for the web sites that address the general public.
|
||||
- de jure standard: lovdata
|
||||
- de facto: what the industry actually uses
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
|
|||
Digital Interaction Design
|
||||
|
||||
Benyon's 12 Principles
|
||||
|
||||
Learnability
|
||||
1. Visibility
|
||||
2. Consistency
|
||||
3. Familiarity
|
||||
4. Affordance
|
||||
Effectiveness
|
||||
5. Navigation
|
||||
6. Control
|
||||
7. Feedback
|
||||
Safety
|
||||
8. Recovery
|
||||
9. Constraints
|
||||
Accomodation
|
||||
10. Flexibility
|
||||
11. Style
|
||||
12. Conviviality (Be excellent to eachother)
|
||||
|
||||
The modern web was a mistake.
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
|
|||
1. Find tea
|
||||
1.1 Choose the tea
|
||||
1.2 Measure tea
|
||||
2. Find a cup
|
||||
2.1 Place tea in cup
|
||||
3. Heat water in a kettle or a pot
|
||||
3.1 Pour water over tea
|
||||
4. Wait
|
||||
|
||||
5. Pour it out because tea is not rad at all, you britbong
|
||||
|
||||
6. Dispose of tea leaves and brits
|
||||
|
||||
7. Wash the cup
|
||||
|
||||
8. Flee the country and become a goat farmer in inner-Kazhakstan
|
Binary file not shown.
|
@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
|
|||
<html>
|
||||
<head>
|
||||
<meta charset="utf-8" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" value="must-revalidate, no-store, no-cache, max-age=0, private" />
|
||||
<meta http-equiv="Pragma" value="no-store, no-cache" />
|
||||
</head>
|
||||
<body onunload="function noop(){}">
|
||||
<div id="app">
|
||||
</div>
|
||||
<script src="viewer/course-data.js"></script>
|
||||
<script src="viewer/bundle.js"></script>
|
||||
</body>
|
||||
</html>
|
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
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|
@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
|
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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|
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|
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<property name="version">version: pre-alpha</property>
|
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<property name="copyright" translatable="yes">Who gives a shit about copyright anyway?</property>
|
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<property name="website">https://uia.no/</property>
|
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<property name="website_label" translatable="yes">University of Agder</property>
|
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<property name="authors">Bendix Melkeraaen Vagle
|
||||
Eirik Svagaard
|
||||
Johannes Birkeland
|
||||
Kjartan Erland
|
||||
Thomas Gjelsten Sviund
|
||||
Tor Inge Brekka</property>
|
||||
<property name="documenters">Who knows?</property>
|
||||
<property name="translator_credits" translatable="yes">None</property>
|
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<property name="logo">../../Pictures/Memes/FrankenPikachu.jpg</property>
|
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<property name="license_type">bsd</property>
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<child>
|
||||
<object class="GtkBox">
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<property name="visible">True</property>
|
||||
<property name="can_focus">False</property>
|
||||
<property name="orientation">vertical</property>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<object class="GtkImage">
|
||||
<property name="visible">True</property>
|
||||
<property name="can_focus">False</property>
|
||||
<property name="pixbuf">../../Pictures/lain/72fd4836c60446df.jpg</property>
|
||||
</object>
|
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<packing>
|
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<property name="expand">False</property>
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<property name="fill">True</property>
|
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<property name="position">0</property>
|
||||
</packing>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<object class="GtkButton" id="Login">
|
||||
<property name="label" translatable="yes">Login</property>
|
||||
<property name="name">Login</property>
|
||||
<property name="visible">True</property>
|
||||
<property name="can_focus">True</property>
|
||||
<property name="has_default">True</property>
|
||||
<property name="receives_default">True</property>
|
||||
</object>
|
||||
<packing>
|
||||
<property name="expand">False</property>
|
||||
<property name="fill">True</property>
|
||||
<property name="position">1</property>
|
||||
</packing>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<object class="GtkButton" id="Signup">
|
||||
<property name="label" translatable="yes">Signup</property>
|
||||
<property name="name">Signup</property>
|
||||
<property name="visible">True</property>
|
||||
<property name="can_focus">True</property>
|
||||
<property name="receives_default">True</property>
|
||||
</object>
|
||||
<packing>
|
||||
<property name="expand">False</property>
|
||||
<property name="fill">True</property>
|
||||
<property name="position">2</property>
|
||||
</packing>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
</object>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
</object>
|
||||
<object class="GtkDialog">
|
||||
<property name="can_focus">False</property>
|
||||
<property name="type_hint">dialog</property>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<placeholder/>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
<child internal-child="vbox">
|
||||
<object class="GtkBox">
|
||||
<property name="can_focus">False</property>
|
||||
<property name="orientation">vertical</property>
|
||||
<property name="spacing">2</property>
|
||||
<child internal-child="action_area">
|
||||
<object class="GtkButtonBox">
|
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<property name="can_focus">False</property>
|
||||
<property name="layout_style">end</property>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<object class="GtkCheckButton" id="Accept ToS">
|
||||
<property name="label" translatable="yes">Read</property>
|
||||
<property name="name">Accept ToS</property>
|
||||
<property name="visible">True</property>
|
||||
<property name="can_focus">True</property>
|
||||
<property name="receives_default">False</property>
|
||||
<property name="draw_indicator">True</property>
|
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</object>
|
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<packing>
|
||||
<property name="expand">True</property>
|
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<property name="fill">True</property>
|
||||
<property name="position">0</property>
|
||||
</packing>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<object class="GtkButton" id="ToS Continue">
|
||||
<property name="label" translatable="yes">Agree</property>
|
||||
<property name="visible">True</property>
|
||||
<property name="can_focus">True</property>
|
||||
<property name="receives_default">True</property>
|
||||
</object>
|
||||
<packing>
|
||||
<property name="expand">True</property>
|
||||
<property name="fill">True</property>
|
||||
<property name="position">1</property>
|
||||
</packing>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
</object>
|
||||
<packing>
|
||||
<property name="expand">False</property>
|
||||
<property name="fill">False</property>
|
||||
<property name="position">0</property>
|
||||
</packing>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<placeholder/>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
</object>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
</object>
|
||||
<object class="GtkApplicationWindow">
|
||||
<property name="can_focus">False</property>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<placeholder/>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<object class="GtkGrid">
|
||||
<property name="visible">True</property>
|
||||
<property name="can_focus">False</property>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<placeholder/>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<placeholder/>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<placeholder/>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<placeholder/>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<placeholder/>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<placeholder/>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<placeholder/>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<placeholder/>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<placeholder/>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
</object>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
</object>
|
||||
</interface>
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
|
||||
<!-- Generated with glade 3.22.1 -->
|
||||
<interface>
|
||||
<requires lib="gtk+" version="3.20"/>
|
||||
<object class="GtkAboutDialog" id="License">
|
||||
<property name="can_focus">False</property>
|
||||
<property name="type_hint">dialog</property>
|
||||
<property name="program_name">Timebanking</property>
|
||||
<property name="version">version pre-alpha</property>
|
||||
<property name="copyright" translatable="yes">Who gives a shit about copyright anyway?</property>
|
||||
<property name="website">https://uia.no/</property>
|
||||
<property name="website_label" translatable="yes">University of Agder</property>
|
||||
<property name="authors">Bendix Melkeraaen Vagle
|
||||
Eirik Svagaard
|
||||
Johannes Birkeland
|
||||
Kjartan Erland
|
||||
Thomas Gjelsten Sviund
|
||||
Tor Inge Brekka</property>
|
||||
<property name="documenters">Who knows?</property>
|
||||
<property name="translator_credits" translatable="yes">None</property>
|
||||
<property name="logo">../../Pictures/Memes/FrankenPikachu.jpg</property>
|
||||
<property name="license_type">bsd</property>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<placeholder/>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
<child internal-child="vbox">
|
||||
<object class="GtkBox">
|
||||
<property name="can_focus">False</property>
|
||||
<property name="orientation">vertical</property>
|
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<property name="spacing">2</property>
|
||||
<child internal-child="action_area">
|
||||
<object class="GtkButtonBox">
|
||||
<property name="can_focus">False</property>
|
||||
<property name="layout_style">end</property>
|
||||
</object>
|
||||
<packing>
|
||||
<property name="expand">False</property>
|
||||
<property name="fill">False</property>
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||||
<property name="position">0</property>
|
||||
</packing>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<placeholder/>
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
</object>
|
||||
<object class="GtkApplicationWindow">
|
||||
<property name="can_focus">False</property>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<placeholder/>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<object class="GtkBox">
|
||||
<property name="visible">True</property>
|
||||
<property name="can_focus">False</property>
|
||||
<property name="orientation">vertical</property>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<object class="GtkImage">
|
||||
<property name="visible">True</property>
|
||||
<property name="can_focus">False</property>
|
||||
<property name="pixbuf">../../Pictures/lain/72fd4836c60446df.jpg</property>
|
||||
</object>
|
||||
<packing>
|
||||
<property name="expand">False</property>
|
||||
<property name="fill">True</property>
|
||||
<property name="position">0</property>
|
||||
</packing>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<object class="GtkButton" id="Login">
|
||||
<property name="label" translatable="yes">Login</property>
|
||||
<property name="name">Login</property>
|
||||
<property name="visible">True</property>
|
||||
<property name="can_focus">True</property>
|
||||
<property name="has_default">True</property>
|
||||
<property name="receives_default">True</property>
|
||||
</object>
|
||||
<packing>
|
||||
<property name="expand">False</property>
|
||||
<property name="fill">True</property>
|
||||
<property name="position">1</property>
|
||||
</packing>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<object class="GtkButton" id="Signup">
|
||||
<property name="label" translatable="yes">Signup</property>
|
||||
<property name="name">Signup</property>
|
||||
<property name="visible">True</property>
|
||||
<property name="can_focus">True</property>
|
||||
<property name="receives_default">True</property>
|
||||
</object>
|
||||
<packing>
|
||||
<property name="expand">False</property>
|
||||
<property name="fill">True</property>
|
||||
<property name="position">2</property>
|
||||
</packing>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
</object>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
</object>
|
||||
<object class="GtkDialog">
|
||||
<property name="can_focus">False</property>
|
||||
<property name="type_hint">dialog</property>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<placeholder/>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
<child internal-child="vbox">
|
||||
<object class="GtkBox">
|
||||
<property name="can_focus">False</property>
|
||||
<property name="orientation">vertical</property>
|
||||
<property name="spacing">2</property>
|
||||
<child internal-child="action_area">
|
||||
<object class="GtkButtonBox">
|
||||
<property name="can_focus">False</property>
|
||||
<property name="layout_style">end</property>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<object class="GtkCheckButton" id="Accept ToS">
|
||||
<property name="label" translatable="yes">Read</property>
|
||||
<property name="name">Accept ToS</property>
|
||||
<property name="visible">True</property>
|
||||
<property name="can_focus">True</property>
|
||||
<property name="receives_default">False</property>
|
||||
<property name="draw_indicator">True</property>
|
||||
</object>
|
||||
<packing>
|
||||
<property name="expand">True</property>
|
||||
<property name="fill">True</property>
|
||||
<property name="position">0</property>
|
||||
</packing>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<object class="GtkButton" id="ToS Continue">
|
||||
<property name="label" translatable="yes">Agree</property>
|
||||
<property name="visible">True</property>
|
||||
<property name="can_focus">True</property>
|
||||
<property name="receives_default">True</property>
|
||||
</object>
|
||||
<packing>
|
||||
<property name="expand">True</property>
|
||||
<property name="fill">True</property>
|
||||
<property name="position">1</property>
|
||||
</packing>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
</object>
|
||||
<packing>
|
||||
<property name="expand">False</property>
|
||||
<property name="fill">False</property>
|
||||
<property name="position">0</property>
|
||||
</packing>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<placeholder/>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
</object>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
</object>
|
||||
<object class="GtkApplicationWindow">
|
||||
<property name="can_focus">False</property>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<placeholder/>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<object class="GtkGrid">
|
||||
<property name="visible">True</property>
|
||||
<property name="can_focus">False</property>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<placeholder/>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<placeholder/>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<placeholder/>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<placeholder/>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<placeholder/>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<placeholder/>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<placeholder/>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<placeholder/>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
<child>
|
||||
<placeholder/>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
</object>
|
||||
</child>
|
||||
</object>
|
||||
</interface>
|
Binary file not shown.
|
@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
|
|||
# IS-105
|
||||
|
||||
tekst til tale, tale til tekst oppgave
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
|
|||
# IS-105
|
||||
|
Binary file not shown.
Binary file not shown.
Binary file not shown.
Binary file not shown.
Binary file not shown.
|
@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
|
|||
tanker om it:
|
||||
|
||||
ca 70% av alle it prosjekter er forsinkede.
|
||||
kommunikasjon er hovedgrunn.
|
||||
|
||||
the johari window (luft, 1969)
|
||||
------------------------+---------------+-----------------------+
|
||||
| known to self | not known to self |
|
||||
------------------------+---------------+-----------------------+
|
||||
know to others | open | blind spot |
|
||||
------------------------+---------------+-----------------------+
|
||||
not known to others | hidden | unknown |
|
||||
------------------------+---------------+-----------------------+
|
||||
|
||||
gruppe arbeid for å lære om deg selv og andre.
|
||||
|
||||
"lære noe grunnleggende for å få meg jobb"
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
|
|||
|
|
||||
Hva er et informasjonssystem? |
|
||||
Øystein Sæbø |
|
||||
Professor, Informasjonssytemer, UiA |
|
||||
|
|
||||
------------------------------------------------+
|
||||
|
||||
* hva er et informasjonssystem?
|
||||
* hva er en teori?
|
||||
* introduksjon til en teori om is:
|
||||
Work system theroy
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Informasjonssystem
|
||||
Informasjon
|
||||
Database
|
||||
Organisering av informasjon
|
||||
Roller
|
||||
Rettigheter
|
||||
Brukere
|
||||
Moderatorer
|
||||
Utvikler
|
||||
Teknologiske komponeneter
|
||||
Hardware
|
||||
Software
|
||||
Prosedyrer og regler
|
||||
Feilrapportering
|
||||
Sikkerhet
|
||||
Tilgjengelighet
|
||||
Opplæring
|
||||
Brukervennlig
|
||||
UI
|
||||
Drift
|
||||
Kontekst
|
||||
Samfunn
|
||||
Kultur
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
"Design, delivery, use and impact of information technologies in organizatiions and society"
|
||||
- Avison and Fitzgerald, 2003
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
Multidisiplinært
|
||||
Strategisk nivå
|
||||
Ledelsesnivå
|
||||
Operasjonelt nivå
|
||||
|
||||
+================================+
|
||||
|Nepal Wireles Networking Project|
|
||||
+================================+
|
||||
|
||||
Positive og negative konsekvenser
|
||||
|
||||
3 utfordringer
|
||||
Fraflytting
|
||||
Sanitær
|
||||
Utdanning
|
||||
|
||||
Primitive løsninger på teknologiske problemer
|
||||
|
||||
Utdanning
|
||||
One Laptop Per Child
|
||||
Helsesøster
|
||||
Videolink til Kathmandu
|
||||
Inngår i et professjonelt nettverk
|
||||
|
||||
================================+
|
||||
Hva er en teori?
|
||||
================================+
|
||||
|
||||
Utsagn om hvordan noe bør gjøres i praksis
|
||||
Forklarende perspektiver for å se på og forstå verden
|
||||
Utsagn om forbinnelser mellom ulike
|
||||
|
||||
+============================================================================+
|
||||
| |
|
||||
| * * * * Relasjonen mellom mennesker og maskiner, gitt en kontekst. * * * * |
|
||||
| |
|
||||
+============================================================================+
|
||||
|
||||
En modell brukes for å vise en forenklet versjon av virkeligheten
|
||||
|
||||
==============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
Work system theory
|
||||
Alter, Steven
|
||||
diverse publikasjoner
|
||||
|
||||
customers
|
||||
/ \
|
||||
environment products/services strategies
|
||||
|
|
||||
processes and activities
|
||||
/ | \
|
||||
participants information technologies
|
||||
|
||||
infrastructure
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
|
|||
+-------------------------------------------------------+
|
||||
|IS-114 Samskaping - Kommunikasjon og prosjektarbeid |
|
||||
|H.O.E. Omland |
|
||||
+-------------------------------------------------------+
|
||||
|
||||
N.B.
|
||||
IS-104 - Samme grupperom
|
||||
IS-114 - Forskjellige grupperom
|
||||
|
||||
=========================================================
|
||||
|
||||
Samskaping: der flere går sammen om å lage noe
|
||||
|
||||
Kommunikasjon: alt er kommunikasjon eller mangel på kommunikasjon
|
||||
|
||||
Problematisere: stille spørsmål for å se alle sider av en sak
|
||||
|
||||
IS-104 og IS-114 prosjekter kommer til å gå mye inn i hverandre
|
||||
|
||||
+-------------------------------------------------------+
|
||||
|
||||
Steven Alter, diverse publikasjoner
|
||||
|
||||
Triangel: Environment + strategies + infrastructure
|
||||
Pyramide:
|
||||
Customers
|
||||
Products/services
|
||||
Processes and activities
|
||||
Participants + information + technologies
|
||||
|
||||
+-------------------------------------------------------+
|
||||
|
||||
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|
||||
| Hva | Start | Slutt | Hvem | Resultat | Kommentarer |
|
||||
+-------+-------+-------+-------+---------------+-----------------------+
|
||||
| | | | | | |
|
||||
| | | | | | |
|
||||
| | | | | | |
|
||||
+-------+-------+-------+-------+---------------+-----------------------+
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
|
|||
| IS-114 |
|
||||
| H.O.E. Omland |
|
||||
+===============================+
|
||||
|
||||
Kommunikasjon.
|
||||
|
||||
Fem eller syv sanser:
|
||||
Syn
|
||||
Smak
|
||||
Lukt
|
||||
Hørsel
|
||||
Føle
|
||||
Balanse
|
||||
Stilling
|
||||
|
||||
Data og Informasjon
|
||||
Data har ingen verdi før det sorteres ut som informasjon
|
||||
|
Binary file not shown.
Binary file not shown.
|
@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
|
|||
+---------------------------------------+
|
||||
| |
|
||||
+---------------------------------------+
|
||||
|
||||
Teoretiske modeller
|
||||
Alter
|
||||
Sosio-teknisk
|
||||
Leavitt's Diamant
|
||||
|
||||
Rapport -Eksamen
|
||||
|
||||
Scrum
|
||||
Sprint 2
|
||||
Planlegging
|
||||
|
||||
=========================================
|
||||
|
||||
Hvorfor bruke modeller?
|
||||
|
||||
Viktig forstå og bruke på en god måte - Hvorfor?
|
||||
|
||||
Hva handler vi ut fra?
|
||||
Forslag fra deg?
|
||||
Handlingsmønstre?
|
||||
Følelser?
|
||||
Overveielser?
|
||||
osv?
|
||||
Hva ligger under handlingene?
|
||||
Forslag?
|
||||
|
||||
=========================================
|
||||
|
||||
Hva er en modell?
|
||||
|
||||
En forenkling av virkeligheten
|
||||
|
||||
=========================================
|
||||
|
||||
Frustrasjoner?
|
||||
Teamkontrakt
|
||||
Gruppeøvinger
|
||||
Innleveringer
|
||||
Eksamen
|
||||
Progresjon
|
||||
|
||||
=========================================
|
||||
|
||||
Den enkleste prosjekt modell
|
||||
|
||||
Hvor er vi
|
||||
Hvor skal vi
|
||||
Hvordan kommer vi dit?
|
||||
|
||||
Bruk spørreordene!
|
||||
|
||||
=========================================
|
||||
|
||||
Modell: Fra grippe til team
|
||||
|
||||
Hva er en gruppe?
|
||||
En samling mennesker med relativt få innbyrdes relasjoner - fungerer derfor mest på egenhånd
|
||||
|
||||
Hva er et team?
|
||||
En gruppe mennesker som har etablert så gode profesjonelle arbeidsmessige relasjoner at de er i stand til "å reagere som en enhet"
|
||||
|
||||
Team
|
||||
Bygger på tillitsfulle relasjoner
|
||||
Ikke bare etableres, må også vedlikeholdes - forandringer = Nytt team
|
||||
|
||||
=========================================
|
||||
|
||||
[Steven Alter - modell]
|
||||
|
||||
=========================================
|
||||
|
||||
+-------------------------------+
|
||||
|Socio-Technological Model |
|
||||
+-------------------------------+
|
||||
|
||||
Building System Activities
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
(Development tools and technical platform)
|
||||
+----------[Technology]---------+
|
||||
(Project org | | | (Users,
|
||||
and institutional [Structure]-----+--------[Actors] Managers and
|
||||
arrangements) | | | Designers)
|
||||
+-------------[Task]------------+
|
||||
(Goals and deliverables)
|
||||
|
||||
=========================================
|
||||
|
||||
Leavits Diamant (1965)
|
||||
|
||||
Samme som over, men som en diamant.
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
|
|||
| Informasjon og databasesystemer |
|
||||
| Overgang fra penn og papir til bits |
|
||||
| Hans Olav Omland |
|
||||
+---------------------------------------+
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
|
|||
Domener
|
||||
- Fagområder
|
||||
- Viktig som systemutvikler å få overblikk over alle behov, og vite hvordan de funker
|
||||
|
||||
Aktiviteter i informasjonssystem utvikling:
|
||||
- Analyse. Alltid. Bruk spørreord
|
||||
- Design
|
||||
- Koding
|
||||
- Test
|
||||
- Implementering
|
||||
|
||||
Forskjellige tilnærminger
|
||||
- Vannfall
|
||||
- Inkrementell (Loop)
|
||||
- Modulær
|
||||
- Prototyping
|
||||
|
||||
Verdi som leveres satt opp mot prosessen
|
||||
|
||||
Basics for agile
|
||||
- Indivituals and interactions over processes and tools
|
||||
- Working software over comprehensive documentation
|
||||
- Customer collaboration over contract negotiation
|
||||
- Reponding to change over following a plan
|
||||
|
||||
|
Binary file not shown.
|
@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
|
|||
Etikk og moral
|
||||
--------------
|
||||
|
||||
Johannessen Ims "Den etiske Diamant"
|
||||
- Omsorg
|
||||
- Ansvar
|
||||
- Kunnskap
|
||||
- Tillit
|
||||
|
||||
Ansvar
|
||||
^
|
||||
Respekt / \ Omsorg
|
||||
\ /
|
||||
Kunnskap
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
|
|||
# IS-114
|
||||
Hans Olav
|
||||
|
||||
## Sammendrag
|
||||
Tverrsnitt av rapporten
|
||||
Forklaring av
|
||||
Problemet, problemstillingen du undersøkte
|
||||
Oversikt over fremgangsmåte
|
||||
Funnene eller resultatene
|
||||
Konklusjoner og/eller anbeflainger
|
||||
|
||||
HUSK IKKE VI DERSOM DET ER FORSKJELLIGE DEFINISJONER GJENNOM TEKSTEN
|
||||
|
||||
Plasser de viktigste elementene i Sammendraget
|
||||
|
||||
VIKTIG om Mål- og mottakeranalyse
|
||||
Nevn mottaker allerede i sammendraget
|
||||
Forklar hvorfor mottakeren, i innledning eller metode
|
||||
|
||||
## Struktur
|
||||
Forord, sammendrag og innholdsfortegnelse skal ikke ha nummer
|
||||
|
||||
1. Innledning er ALLTID kapittel 1
|
||||
Start alltid med innledning som kapittel 1
|
||||
En eller annen plass i innledningnen er det fint å presentere viktige resultat av mål- og mottakeranalysen
|
||||
Presenter problemstillingen mot slutten av innledningen
|
||||
|
||||
2. Metode (forslag)
|
||||
Samlede data , verfifiserte data, analyse, diskusjon og konklusjon
|
||||
|
||||
3. Hoveddel
|
||||
Ikke som overskrift, men hovedelementer i problemformuleringen
|
||||
Kan bli flere kapitler
|
||||
Analyse og diskusjon og konklusjon?
|
||||
|
||||
## Struktur 2
|
||||
OBS: Ikke kapittel i vedlegg
|
||||
|
||||
Eksempel oppsett:
|
||||
|
||||
Analyse
|
||||
Design
|
||||
Konklusjon
|
||||
* Før eller etter konklusjonen:
|
||||
Prosjekt prosessen
|
||||
Gruppe/samarbeidsprosessen om gruppens samarbeid
|
||||
|
||||
Litteraturliste - uten nummering (sortert)
|
||||
|
||||
## Innhold i kapitler - Redegjørelse
|
||||
Innholdet i kapitlene varierer alt ettersom det er redegjøring eller utgreiing, analyse, diskusjon, eller konklusjon.
|
||||
|
||||
- Redegjørelse eller utgreiing eller teorigjennomgang
|
||||
Presenter det som relaterer seg til problemstillingen - ikke mer og ikke mindre.
|
||||
|
||||
- To måter
|
||||
Forfatter sentrert
|
||||
Konseptsentrert
|
||||
|
||||
## Innhold i kapitler - Analyse
|
||||
Analyse - hva innen det presenterte kan forklare eventuelt svare på problemstillingen?
|
||||
- Et eksempel
|
||||
- Facebook & Linkedin - Hva er likt, hva er forskjellig? Presentert
|
||||
|
||||
Vise eksempel på analyse
|
||||
- Teori analyse
|
||||
-
|
Binary file not shown.
Binary file not shown.
Binary file not shown.
|
@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
|
|||
Refleksjonslogg 2
|
||||
|
||||
-----------------------
|
||||
|
||||
1. En konkret erfaring:
|
||||
- Hva skjedde ?
|
||||
Jeg kom ikke i gang med arbeidet.
|
||||
|
||||
- Hva gjorde jeg ?
|
||||
Jeg prøvde å gjøre en bit jeg trodde ingen andre hadde tenkt på, men fikk beskjed om at en annen hadde den oppgaven. Endte opp med å lese faglitteratur i et annet fag.
|
||||
|
||||
- Hva så jeg?
|
||||
Min egen manglende evne til å ta initiativ og kreativitet til å komme på hva som må gjøres når det ikke er skrevet ned som gjøremål.
|
||||
|
||||
- Hva hørte jeg og hva visste jeg?
|
||||
Jeg visste at om jeg ikke kom i gang med noe innen de første 5 minutter av en arbeidstime, så kom den timen til å bli lite produktiv. Jeg hørte misnøyen med arbeidsinnsatsen min.
|
||||
|
||||
2. Analyse. Refleksjon:
|
||||
- Hva skjedde?
|
||||
Jeg var ikke godt nok forberedt.
|
||||
|
||||
- Hvordan kan jeg forstå det som skjedde?
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Mangelen på forberedelse går utover arbeidet utført
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- Hvordan erfarte jeg situasjonen?
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Pinlig.
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- Hvordan erfarte andre situasjonen?
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Unødvendig, ettersom jeg burde ha tatt initiativ til å gjøre en innsats og stille forberedt.
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="chrome://global/skin/narrate.css"><title>The Mission to Decentralize the Internet</title><link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.newyorker.com/favicon.ico"></head>
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<a class="domain reader-domain" href="https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/the-mission-to-decentralize-the-internet">newyorker.com</a>
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<h1 class="reader-title">The Mission to Decentralize the Internet</h1>
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<div class="credits reader-credits">By Janus KopfsteinDecember 12, 2013</div>
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<div class="meta-data">
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<div class="reader-estimated-time">11-13 minutes</div>
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<div class="moz-reader-content line-height4 reader-show-element"><div id="readability-page-1" class="page"><div id="articleBody" data-template="two-column"><div><div><p>In
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the nineteen-seventies, the Internet was a small, decentralized
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collective of computers. The personal-computer revolution that followed
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built upon that foundation, stoking optimism encapsulated by John Perry
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Barlow’s 1996 manifesto “<a href="https://projects.eff.org/~barlow/Declaration-Final.html" target="_blank">A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace.</a>”
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Barlow described a chaotic digital utopia, where “netizens” self-govern
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and the institutions of old hold no sway. “On behalf of the future, I
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ask you of the past to leave us alone,” he writes. “You are not welcome
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among us. You have no sovereignty where we gather.”</p><p>This is not
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the Internet we know today. Nearly two decades later, a staggering
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percentage of communications flow through a small set of
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corporations—and thus, under the profound influence of those companies
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and other institutions. Google, for instance, now comprises twenty-five
|
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per cent of all North American Internet traffic; an <a href="http://news.sky.com/story/1129847/google-outage-internet-traffic-plunges-40-percent" target="_blank">outage</a> last August caused worldwide traffic to plummet by around forty per cent.</p><p>Engineers
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anticipated this convergence. As early as 1967, one of the key
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architects of the system for exchanging small packets of data that gave
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birth to the Internet, Paul Baran, <a href="http://www.nationalaffairs.com/public_interest/detail/the-future-computer-utility" target="_blank">predicted</a>
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the rise of a centralized “computer utility” that would offer computing
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much the same way that power companies provide electricity. Today, that
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model is largely embodied by the information empires of Amazon, Google,
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and other cloud-computing companies. Like Baran anticipated, they offer
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us convenience at the expense of privacy.</p><p>Internet users now
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regularly submit to terms-of-service agreements that give companies
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license to share their personal data with other institutions, from
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advertisers to governments. In the U.S., the Electronic Communications
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Privacy Act, a law that predates the Web, allows law enforcement to
|
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obtain without a warrant <a href="http://www.propublica.org/special/no-warrant-no-problem-how-the-government-can-still-get-your-digital-data" target="_blank">private data</a> that citizens entrust to third parties—including <a href="https://www.aclu.org/technology-and-liberty/modernizing-electronic-communications-privacy-act-ecpa" target="_blank">location data</a>
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passively gathered from cell phones and the contents of e-mails that
|
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have either been opened or left unattended for a hundred and eighty
|
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days. As Edward Snowden’s leaks have shown, these vast troves of
|
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information allow intelligence agencies to focus on just a few key
|
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targets in order to monitor large portions of the world’s population.</p><p>One of <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/nsa-infiltrates-links-to-yahoo-google-data-centers-worldwide-snowden-documents-say/2013/10/30/e51d661e-4166-11e3-8b74-d89d714ca4dd_story.html" target="_blank">those leaks</a>, reported by the Washington <em>Post</em>
|
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in late October, revealed that the National Security Agency secretly
|
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wiretapped the connections between data centers owned by Google and
|
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Yahoo, allowing the agency to collect users’ data as it flowed across
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the companies’ networks. Google engineers <a href="http://www.theverge.com/2013/11/6/5072924/google-engineers-issue-fuck-you-to-nsa-over-surveillance-scandal" target="_blank">bristled</a>
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at the news, and responded by encrypting those connections to prevent
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future intrusions; Yahoo has said it plans to do so by next year. More
|
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recently, Microsoft <a href="https://blogs.technet.com/b/microsoft_blog/archive/2013/12/04/protecting-customer-data-from-government-snooping.aspx" target="_blank">announced</a>
|
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it would do the same, as well as open “transparency centers” that will
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allow some of its software’s source code to be inspected for hidden back
|
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doors. (However, that privilege appears to only extend to “government
|
||||
customers.”) On Monday, <a href="http://reformgovernmentsurveillance.com/" target="_blank">eight major tech firms</a>, many of them competitors, united to demand an overhaul of government transparency and surveillance laws.</p><p>Still, an air of distrust surrounds the U.S. cloud industry. The N.S.A. collects data through <a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-switch/wp/2013/10/30/prism-already-gave-the-nsa-access-to-tech-giants-heres-why-it-wanted-more/" target="_blank">formal arrangements</a> with tech companies; <a href="http://www.theverge.com/2013/8/8/4602104/nsa-searches-contents-of-most-communications-entering-and-leaving-us" target="_blank">ingests Web traffic</a> as it enters and leaves the U.S.; and <a href="http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/elements/2013/09/the-nsa-versus-encryption.html">deliberately weakens</a>
|
||||
cryptographic standards. A recently revealed
|
||||
(http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/11/23/us/politics/23nsa-sigint-strategy-document.html)
|
||||
detailing the agency’s strategy specifically notes its mission to
|
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“influence the global commercial encryption market through commercial
|
||||
relationships” with companies developing and deploying security
|
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products.</p><p>One solution, espoused by some programmers, is to make
|
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the Internet more like it used to be—less centralized and more
|
||||
distributed. Jacob Cook, a twenty-three-year-old student, is the brains
|
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behind <a href="https://arkos.io/" target="_blank">ArkOS</a>, a
|
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lightweight version of the free Linux operating system. It runs on the
|
||||
credit-card-sized Raspberry Pi, a thirty-five dollar microcomputer
|
||||
adored by teachers and tinkerers. It’s designed so that average users
|
||||
can create personal clouds to store data that they can access anywhere,
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without relying on a distant data center owned by Dropbox or Amazon.
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It’s sort of like buying and maintaining your own car to get around,
|
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rather than relying on privately owned taxis. Cook’s mission is to “make
|
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hosting a server as easy as using a desktop P.C. or a smartphone,” he
|
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said.</p><p>Like other privacy advocates, Cook’s goal isn’t to end
|
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surveillance, but to make it harder to do en masse. “When you couple a
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secure, self-hosted platform with properly implemented cryptography, you
|
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can make N.S.A.-style spying and network intrusion extremely difficult
|
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and expensive,” he told me in an e-mail.</p><p>Persuading consumers to
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ditch the convenience of the cloud has never been an easy sell, however.
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In 2010, a team of young programmers announced Diaspora, a
|
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privacy-centric social network, to challenge Facebook’s centralized
|
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dominance. A year later, Eben Moglen, a law professor and champion of
|
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the Free Software movement, proposed a similar solution <a href="https://freedomboxfoundation.org/learn/" target="_blank">called the Freedom Box</a>.
|
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The device he envisioned was to be a small computer that plugs into
|
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your home network, hosting files, enabling secure communication, and
|
||||
connecting to other boxes when needed. It was considered a call to
|
||||
arms—you alone would control your data.</p><p>But, while both projects
|
||||
met their fund-raising goals and drummed up a good deal of hype, neither
|
||||
came to fruition. Diaspora’s team fell into disarray after a
|
||||
disappointing beta launch, personal drama, and the appearance of new
|
||||
competitors such as Google+; apart from some <a href="http://www.privoxy.org/" target="_blank">privacy software</a> released last year, Moglen’s Freedom Box has yet to materialize at all.</p><p>“There
|
||||
is a bigger problem with why so many of these efforts have failed” to
|
||||
achieve mass adoption, said Brennan Novak, a user-interface designer who
|
||||
works on privacy tools. The challenge, Novak said, is to<span data-page="page_final"></span>
|
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make decentralized alternatives that are as secure, convenient, and
|
||||
seductive as a Google account. “It’s a tricky thing to pin down,” he
|
||||
told me in an encrypted online chat. “But I believe the problem exists
|
||||
somewhere between the barrier to entry (user-interface design, technical
|
||||
difficulty to set up, and over-all user experience) versus the
|
||||
perceived value of the tool, as seen by Joe Public and Joe Amateur
|
||||
Techie.”</p><p>One of Novak’s projects, Mailpile, is a crowd-funded
|
||||
e-mail application with built-in security tools that are normally too
|
||||
onerous for average people to set up and use—namely, Phil Zimmermann’s
|
||||
revolutionary but never widely adopted <a href="http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/elements/2013/11/the-daunting-challenge-of-secure-e-mail.html">Pretty Good Privacy</a>.
|
||||
“It’s a hard thing to explain…. A lot of peoples’ eyes glaze over,” he
|
||||
said. Instead, Mailpile is being designed in a way that gives users a
|
||||
sense of their level of privacy, without knowing about encryption keys
|
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or other complicated technology. Just as important, the app will allow
|
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users to self-host their e-mail accounts on a machine they control, so
|
||||
it can run on platforms like ArkOS.</p><p>“There already exist deep and
|
||||
geeky communities in cryptology or self-hosting or free software, but
|
||||
the message is rarely aimed at non-technical people,” said Irina
|
||||
Bolychevsky, an organizer for <a href="http://redecentralize.org/" target="_blank">Redecentralize.org</a>, an advocacy group that provides support for projects that aim to make the Web less centralized.</p><p>Several of those projects have been inspired by Bitcoin, <a href="http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/elements/2013/04/the-future-of-bitcoin.html">the math-based e-money</a> created by <a href="http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/10/10/111010fa_fact_davis">the mysterious Satoshi Nakamoto</a>. While the peer-to-peer technology that Bitcoin employs isn’t novel, many engineers consider <a href="http://www.michaelnielsen.org/ddi/how-the-bitcoin-protocol-actually-works/" target="_blank">its implementation</a>
|
||||
an enormous technical achievement. The network’s “nodes”—users running
|
||||
the Bitcoin software on their computers—collectively check the integrity
|
||||
of other nodes to ensure that no one spends the same coins twice. All
|
||||
transactions are published on a shared public ledger, called the “block
|
||||
chain,” and verified by “miners,” users whose powerful computers solve
|
||||
difficult math problems in exchange for freshly minted bitcoins. The
|
||||
system’s elegance has led some to wonder: if money can be decentralized
|
||||
and, to some extent, anonymized, can’t the same model be applied to
|
||||
other things, like e-mail?</p><p><a href="http://bitmessage.org/" target="_blank">Bitmessage</a>
|
||||
is an e-mail replacement proposed last year that has been called the
|
||||
“the Bitcoin of online communication.” Instead of talking to a central
|
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mail server, Bitmessage distributes messages across a network of peers
|
||||
running the Bitmessage software. Unlike both Bitcoin and e-mail,
|
||||
Bitmessage “addresses” are cryptographically derived sequences that help
|
||||
encrypt a message’s contents automatically. That means that many
|
||||
parties help store and deliver the message, but only the intended
|
||||
recipient can read it. Another option obscures the sender’s identity; an
|
||||
alternate address sends the message on her behalf, similar to the
|
||||
anonymous “re-mailers” that arose from the cypherpunk movement of the
|
||||
nineteen-nineties.</p><p>Another ambitious project, Namecoin, is a P2P
|
||||
system almost identical to Bitcoin. But instead of currency, it
|
||||
functions as a decentralized replacement for the Internet’s Domain Name
|
||||
System. The D.N.S. is the essential “phone book” that translates a Web
|
||||
site’s typed address (<a href="http://www.newyorker.com/">www.newyorker.com</a>)
|
||||
to the corresponding computer’s numerical I.P. address (192.168.1.1).
|
||||
The directory is decentralized by design, but it still has central
|
||||
points of authority: domain registrars, which buy and lease Web
|
||||
addresses to site owners, and the U.S.-based <a href="http://www.icann.org/" target="_blank">Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers</a>, or I.C.A.N.N., which controls the distribution of domains.</p><p>The
|
||||
infrastructure does allow for large-scale takedowns, like in 2010, when
|
||||
the Department of Justice tried to seize ten domains it believed to be
|
||||
hosting child pornography, but <a href="http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/03/ars-interviews-rep-zoe-lofgren/" target="_blank">accidentally took down eighty-four thousand innocent Web sites in the process</a>.
|
||||
Instead of centralized registrars, Namecoin uses cryptographic tokens
|
||||
similar to bitcoins to authenticate ownership of “.bit” domains. In
|
||||
theory, these domain names can’t be hijacked by criminals or blocked by
|
||||
governments; no one except the owner can surrender them.</p><p>Solutions
|
||||
like these follow a path different from Mailpile and ArkOS. Their
|
||||
peer-to-peer architecture holds the potential for greatly improved
|
||||
privacy and security on the Internet. But existing apart from commonly
|
||||
used protocols and standards can also preclude any possibility of
|
||||
widespread adoption. Still, Novak said, the transition to an Internet
|
||||
that relies more extensively on decentralized, P2P technology is “an
|
||||
absolutely essential development,” since it would make many attacks by
|
||||
malicious actors—criminals and intelligence agencies alike—impractical.</p><p>Though
|
||||
Snowden has raised the profile of privacy technology, it will be up to
|
||||
engineers and their allies to make that technology viable for the
|
||||
masses. “Decentralization must become a viable alternative,” said Cook,
|
||||
the ArkOS developer, “not just to give options to users that can
|
||||
self-host, but also to put pressure on the political and corporate
|
||||
institutions.”</p><p>“Discussions about innovation, resilience, open
|
||||
protocols, data ownership and the numerous surrounding issues,” said
|
||||
Redecentralize’s Bolychevsky, “need to become mainstream if we want the
|
||||
Internet to stay free, democratic, and engaging.”</p><p><em>Illustration by Maximilian Bode.</em></p></div></div></div></div></div>
|
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